{"id":151,"date":"2026-05-20T18:38:56","date_gmt":"2026-05-20T18:38:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/movingandmortgagehub.com\/?p=151"},"modified":"2026-05-20T18:38:56","modified_gmt":"2026-05-20T18:38:56","slug":"the-ugly-history-behind-the-olympics-new-gender-test","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/movingandmortgagehub.com\/?p=151","title":{"rendered":"The Ugly History Behind the Olympics\u2019 New Gender Test"},"content":{"rendered":"<article>\n<div>\n<div><!-- Tag ID: motherjones_right_rail_1 -->\n<\/div> <\/div>\n<div>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"South African runner Caster Semenya holding a South African flag after a race\" class=\"wp-image-150\" height=\"575\" src=\"https:\/\/movingandmortgagehub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/27f459cf0ff6984adc19e54ccf8933a0-1024x575.webp\" width=\"1024\" srcset=\"https:\/\/movingandmortgagehub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/27f459cf0ff6984adc19e54ccf8933a0-1024x575.webp 1024w, https:\/\/movingandmortgagehub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/27f459cf0ff6984adc19e54ccf8933a0-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/movingandmortgagehub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/27f459cf0ff6984adc19e54ccf8933a0-768x432.webp 768w, https:\/\/movingandmortgagehub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/27f459cf0ff6984adc19e54ccf8933a0-1536x863.webp 1536w, https:\/\/movingandmortgagehub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/27f459cf0ff6984adc19e54ccf8933a0.webp 2000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p><span>On March 26,<\/span> the International Olympic Committee  that all athletes competing in women\u2019s sports will be required to undergo genetic eligibility testing. Claiming to be concerned with \u201cfairness\u201d and \u201cthe protection of the female category,\u201d the IOC aims to ban transgender women from future Olympic games by screening for the SRY gene, which is usually found on the Y chromosome. The 2028 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles will be the first games with this policy in effect.\u00a0<\/p><p>Read more <a href=\"https:\/\/movingandmortgagehub.com\/?p=148\">As Household Bills Soar, Activists Dream of a Green New Deal Remake<\/a><\/p>\n<p>For queer historian and writer Michael Waters, the IOC\u2019s announcement elicited a feeling of d\u00e9j\u00e0 vu: The institution has employed similar gender verification rules before\u2014only to abandon them amid public backlash. In his 2024 book, <em>The Other Olympians: Fascism, Queerness, and the Making of Modern Sports<\/em>, Waters traces the history of trans athletes in the early 20th century, showing how a World War II\u2013era moral panic around gender expression directly informs today\u2019s anti-trans attacks.<\/p>\n<p>I spoke with Waters about his book, the history of sex testing in international sports, and how the IOC\u2019s latest policy marks a return to a discriminatory model of gender surveillance that draws from a dark eugenic past.<\/p>\n<p><em>This interview has been lightly condensed and edited.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Let\u2019s start with the basics: What is the IOC\u2019s new policy on sex testing, and how does it differ from previous approaches?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The IOC\u2019s new policy is resurrecting a policy of genetic testing that actually had been active for a few decades in the 20th century. In the 1960s, when the IOC first introduced genetic testing, it used these things called Barr body tests, which essentially were measuring the presence of XX chromosomes. Anyone without two X chromosomes would have been kicked out of women\u2019s sports.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>There actually were some high-profile cases of cis women athletes who had a multiplicity of chromosomes\u2014who did not just have XX\u2014who were pushed out of sports because they failed this gene test. There\u2019s this Polish sprinter named Ewa K\u0142obukowska in 1967 who had played in elite track and field competition before, and then when the Track and Field Federation implemented the first version of chromosome testing, she failed for vaguely explained reasons. An official said that she had \u201cone chromosome too many,\u201d and then she was banned from sports entirely. After that moment, the IOC stopped releasing and trying to publicize the banning of certain women from sports, but many more probably were kicked out because of failed tests that we just don\u2019t know about.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>The version of genetic testing that the IOC implemented in the late 1960s, and that continued on until the end of the 1990s, accrued so much backlash and criticism\u2014from scientists, from athletes, from politicians, and actually the whole government of Norway banned this sort of genetic testing for sports practice\u2014that around 2000 the IOC just got rid of genetic testing policies wholesale.\u00a0<\/p>\n<div>\n<iframe allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"640\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/o4oUvUj2nwI\" title=\"YouTube Shorts player\" width=\"560\">\n<\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n<p>In the early 2000s, the IOC started to move toward creating some path to participation for trans women athletes. There were a lot of restrictions around how trans women could compete; the earliest rules required people to have gone through some sort of surgery-based medical care. And eventually, in 2021, the IOC kind of just stopped implementing any requirements overall and created this framework that would allow individual sports federations to make their own policies around which women can compete in women\u2019s sports.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>So what\u2019s happening here is after this brief period of the IOC saying, \u201cWe\u2019re going to leave it up to the individual athletic federations,\u201d now they\u2019re stepping back in and saying, \u201cOkay, here is our policy.\u201d While they\u2019re framing it as this new thing that has risen out of discussion with stakeholders, really this is a direct resurrection of the policy that they had in the \u201990s that was widely derided and abandoned.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Did anything in particular happen socially or culturally in the late 1990s that caused the IOC to abandon universal sex testing? <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In the early decades, it was the Barr body test that measured XX chromosomes, and eventually, the IOC did actually switch to SRY tests around the mid-\u201990s. In 1996 at the Atlanta Olympics, there were eight women who originally failed the SRY test, who after further review were all reinstated. So these tests that the IOC and a lot of sports federations are now presenting as new, non-invasive, cutting-edge technology\u2014they have literally used these before and found that they were, on one hand, inaccurate in creating these false positives, and on the other hand, just in violation of people\u2019s human rights.<\/p>\n<p>There are a lot of people assigned female at birth who might have a Y chromosome, or some traces of Y chromosomal DNA, and could actually test positive during the SRY test. Instead of dealing with the complexities of the human body\u2014not to mention gender itself\u2014this is just resurrecting an old-school approach. I think it\u2019s notable that even the scientist who discovered the SRY gene has vocally been talking about why the application of this test in sports doesn\u2019t make sense and is discriminatory.<\/p>\n<p><strong>So we\u2019ve talked about the 1960s to our present day, but your book looks at the history of trans athletes going all the way back to the 1930s. Your research shows how the 1936 Berlin Olympics was a turning point, when the Track and Field Federation\u2014now called World Athletics\u2014implemented the first sex testing policy for women athletes. What happened in 1936, and what was going on in the years leading up to that moment?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>It\u2019s important to realize that in the early 20th century, women\u2019s sports were a source of moral and gender panic. The founder of the Olympics, Baron Pierre de Coubertin, hated women\u2019s sports\u2014he didn\u2019t think women should compete at all\u2014and the early Olympics had very few sports available to women because of this.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Actually, the only sports available to women were those like tennis\u2014which at the time were very closely associated with a white, rich, European elite\u2014because so much fearmongering around gender was so racialized. There was a belief that competitions like track and field would be both detrimental to women\u2019s health, and in some cases even a masculinizing force on them. Butch women were looked upon as suspicious and cast as having an unfair advantage over more \u201cpetite\u201d feminine women. And so before we\u2019re even talking about gender diverse athletes and intersex athletes and trans women, there\u2019s just this whole panic around cis women athletes and which kinds of cis women are winning in sports competitions.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>In late 1935\/early 1936, there are a few different things going on. The Nazis are hosting the Berlin Olympics and are applying really significant pressure on the IOC to limit which kinds of athletes can compete. This is mostly racialized\u2014there\u2019s all this discussion around whether or not the Germans would allow Jewish athletes to compete. In the German case, they were banning athletes of color and exacting their eugenics logic onto sports. The Nazis also were really skeptical of butch women and queer women.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Then, two athletes\u2014both of whom had retired but had played in women\u2019s sports\u2014kind of one after another announced that they were transitioning gender and would begin living as men. Their names were Zden\u011bk Koubek and Mark Weston. Koubek is Czech; Weston is British. Sports officials saw the idea that an athlete could transition gender as a threat to the binary categories they had built. And so there was this high-profile Nazi sports doctor [Wilhelm Knoll] who pushed for sex testing policies after reading about the cases of these athletes transitioning. And again, neither of these two were trying to compete in women\u2019s sports. They were living as men.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>But the news of these transitions became wrapped up in the historical panic around butch women in sports and became a reason for the global right, the Nazis in particular, to push forward the first sex-testing policies, which ultimately only the Track and Field Federation passed in August 1936 at the Berlin Olympics.\u00a0<\/p><p>Read more <a href=\"https:\/\/movingandmortgagehub.com\/?p=145\">Trump Just Gave Himself a $1.8 Billion Slush Fund to Reward His Friends<\/a><\/p>\n<p>The other important moment is that in 1936 at the Berlin Olympics, there\u2019s an American sprinter named Helen Stephens who wins a gold medal for the US. And almost immediately after she wins, there are newspaper stories that come out that essentially accuse her of being a man in disguise. And so Helen Stephens is stereotyped as being pretty butch\u2014she has kind of a deep voice, big arms, big legs. And the fact of her being this butch woman who had won this track and field event was treated by certain sports commentators as proof that she was unfairly masculine. So there was a whole news cycle in August 1936 about whether or not Helen Stephens was actually a man. It\u2019s really reminiscent of what happened in 2024 with the Algerian boxer Imane Khelif. There was a storyline circulating that this woman who had won gold was not feminine enough, and was therefore a threat to sports. Her story and success became proof of the need for these medical exams in women\u2019s sports.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Why did this Nazi-era approach to sex testing expand from the Track and Field Federation to become broader IOC policy in the 1960s?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The IOC sex testing stuff in the \u201960s was really influenced by Cold War tensions. USSR women kept beating American women in sports, and there was all this fearmongering about the perceived butchness of the Soviet athletes and the possibility that the Soviets were sending men in disguise. Those underlying Cold War tensions really expedited the adoption of sex testing across the whole IOC in 1968. <\/p>\n<p><strong>It\u2019s interesting to me that right now the focus is on trans women, but the early cases that your book looks at are trans men, yet the fear that\u2019s undergirding both is the same: This idea of an invasion in the field of women\u2019s sports. Why do you think that\u2019s a consistent throughline? Are the Olympics sex testing men\u2019s sports at all?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>No, they\u2019ve never sex-tested men\u2019s sports.<\/p>\n<p><strong>And why do you think that is?\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>From the early days of the Olympics there is this deep-seated paranoia about women\u2019s sports and what sports mean for the place of women in society. There have been so many junctures of discomfort with women\u2019s athletics, and specifically what a successful woman athlete means for gender politics and for women\u2019s economic role and physical role and sexual reproductive role. It\u2019s not surprising then that often the actors pushing sex testing policies\u2014kind of at every juncture of the 20th century, up until today\u2014are right-wing actors who themselves also are deeply concerned with pushing forward a conservative idea of gender. I think women\u2019s sports always really activated the global right because of what sports success says about women\u2019s independence.<\/p>\n<p>In the case of the US, we see women\u2019s sports as the starting point of a much larger push to disenfranchise and strip rights away from trans women. A lot of states start by banning trans women and girls from sports, and then go further and take away basic health care rights. The Nazis also focused a lot on women\u2019s sports because of the historical fact that women\u2019s sports had been a site of deep gender anxieties since the Olympics started.<\/p>\n<p><strong>I think what\u2019s interesting about the history of sex testing in the Olympics\u2014and the history of gender medicine more broadly\u2014is that we see people at different points trying to take scientific discoveries and graft them onto a social understanding of sex and gender.\u00a0 Do you have thoughts on how these different scientific frameworks\u2014from hormone testing to chromosome testing\u2014have been used at different points to perform gender surveillance? What do these shifting methods reveal about the broader project of enforcing the gender binary?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>I think the history of sex testing is a story of sports officials constantly coming up against the reality that sex is not a binary, and that you actually just can\u2019t neatly cleave people into two categories, even against their will. And what you see throughout the 20th century up until today is that there are all these different scientific levers that officials try to pull.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>The first sex tests were just a strip test, where women athletes would have to present doctor\u2019s notes affirming that a doctor had looked at their genitalia and decided that they were in fact women, which was quickly proven to be both not a way to measure sex and also deeply humiliating and discriminatory. So then they embrace chromosome tests, which, similarly, not everyone neatly falls into an XX-XY structure. And so in the early 2000s, you see this shift towards hormones instead as a proxy for sex. But there\u2019s no neat cut off between hormones associated with different genders.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Through all of these efforts, what you see is the fact that sports officials\u2014and really we as a people\u2014just have no clear way of measuring sex in a binary way, because it is simply just not binary. I think maybe there was a moment in the early 2000s when the Olympics was willing to grapple with the fact that people are complicated and the body is complicated, and maybe reconcile with the fact that being inclusive is going to be a process. What we\u2019re seeing is the IOC completely abandoning that potential.<\/p>\n<p>Fundamentally, the issue of trans women and intersex women\u2019s access to sports is a human rights issue. Sports officials historically have used the guise of science as a way to justify often vehemently anti-trans policies. I think that we can and should respond by mentioning some science\u2014and also mentioning the fact that there really is very little evidence around a lot of these scientific claims that the IOC is making\u2014but I think more importantly we should be framing this as a human rights issue. Science does not absolve this issue either way. Really this is about whether states have a right to determine people\u2019s gender for them.<\/p>\n<p><strong>What do you think happens next? And is there anything we can learn from history that could inform resistance to these policies moving forward?\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>These policies are an outgrowth of a global anti-trans panic, and I think they are becoming part of a right-wing feedback loop where what is happening in certain countries, like the US, is then informing global Olympic policies. You actually see this with the Supreme Court case that bans trans women and girls from sports in America. You saw the Olympics being cited as justification for banning trans women; the Supreme Court justices on the right noted that the Olympics has been moving in this direction and therefore are kind of using what happens on a global level as evidence for their own crackdowns on trans people, particularly trans women.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>In the same way, the IOC, I\u2019m sure, is passing this policy in part because the next host of the Olympics is the US, which has banned trans women from competing in its borders. What is happening in the US and the global right is directly impacting what\u2019s happening with the IOC. All of this ignoring the fact that there\u2019s no reason that we\u2019re doing any of this in the first place. This is all a manufactured moral panic, and institutions are just kind of slowly giving into it.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>That is the dark read of the situation. On the flip side, these policies are fundamentally arising out of culture and politics, and there\u2019s no reason that they should exist on their own. I think that\u2019s why we saw in the \u201990s the IOC abandoned chromosome testing: because there was a groundswell of people who pointed out, rightfully, that it\u2019s a really discriminatory policy that violates women\u2019s human rights in a lot of cases.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>I do think ultimately it\u2019s going to take something similar. We have to push for a cultural shift that takes into account bodily diversity and champions trans women\u2019s rights. I also think we\u2019re going to see plenty of different lawsuits being filed by intersex women athletes who are denied the chance to play in the Olympics now. National governments like France also have privacy laws that would really restrict and perhaps just not allow a body like the IOC to require genetic testing. So if more countries pass legislation like that, that would conflict with the IOC policy, and perhaps they would roll it back. But I think fundamentally what we need is cultural change.\u00a0<\/p><p>Read more <a href=\"https:\/\/movingandmortgagehub.com\/?p=142\">On Trans Day of Visibility, Supreme Court Sides With Conversion Therapy<\/a><\/p>\n<\/article>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>How Nazi-era fears about gender gave rise to sex testing\u2014and why the policy is resurfacing now.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":149,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-151","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gender"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The Ugly History Behind the Olympics\u2019 New Gender Test - Moving and Mortgage Hub<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/movingandmortgagehub.com\/?p=151\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Ugly History Behind the Olympics\u2019 New Gender Test - 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